Combine wine (or water) and sugar in a small saucepan.
Stir over medium-low heat until the sugar dissolves; remove from heat and let cool. Chill until ready to use.
To Make the Cocktail
Combine blueberries, half of the lemon juice, and lemon zest in a saucepan.
Bring to a simmer and cook until the berries begin to soften and burst.
Strain the mixture over a pitcher; discarding all of the solids. Add the remaining lemon juice and wine simple syrup to taste. Mix and if possible chill for at least an hour.
Put ice cubes in glasses. Divide blueberry lemonade mixture into four glasses and stir. Add 1.5 ounces of vodka per serving if using.
Top with sparkling water, stir gently and garnish with lemon slices and blueberries.